United Press International (UPI) is a global news agency headquartered in the United States filing news in English, Spanish and Arabic. With roots dating back to 1907, it was once one of the three biggest news agencies in the world, with The Associated Press and Reuters, but has dwindled in size and continues to redefine itself. Today, it is owned by News World Communications, which is owned by the Unification Church.
United Press Associations
Newspaper publisher E.W. Scripps combined three regional news services (the Publisher's Press Association, Scripps McRae Press Association, and the Scripps News Association) into the United Press Associations, which began service on June 21, 1907. Scripps founded United Press on the principle that there should be no restrictions on who could buy news from a news service. This formula made UP a direct threat to the monopolistic and exclusionary alliances of the major U.S. and European wire services at the time.
Scripps later said: "I regard my life's greatest service to the people of this country to be the creation of the United Press," because the competition provided by UP prevented the Associated Press from having a monopoly in determining what news was provided to the public.
Scripps (1854-1926) created the first chain of newspapers in the United States and then created his own news service, United Press Association, in 1907 after The Associated Press refused to sell its services to several of his papers. Scripps believed that there should be no restrictions on who could buy news from a news service, and he made UP available to anyone, including his competitors.
The AP was owned by its newspaper members who could simply decline to serve the competition. Scripps had refused to become a member of AP. A "monopoly pure and simple,² he fumed, making it ³ impossible for any new paper to be started in any of the cities where there were AP members.²
AP first appeared in 1848 when six New York newspapers formed a cooperative to gather and share telegraph news, but the name Associated Press did not come into general use until the 1860s.
United Press became the only privately owned major news service in the world at a time the world news scene was dominated by the Associated Press in the United States and by the news agencies abroad, which were controlled directly or indirectly by their respective governments: Reuters in Britain, Havas in France, and Wolff in Germany. William Randolph Hearst entered the fray in 1909 when he founded International News Service.
Frank Bartholomew, UPI's last reporter-president, took over in 1955 obsessed with bringing Hearst's International News Service (INS) into UP. He put the ³I² in UPI in the spring of 1958, when UP and INS merged to become United Press International.
Hearst, who owned King Features Syndicate, received a small share of the merged company. Lawyers on both sides worried about antitrust problems if King competitor, United Features Syndicate, remained as a part of the newly merged company. So UFS was made a separate Scripps company, which deprived UPI of a persuasive sales tool and the eventual river of gold generated by Charles Schulzı wildly popular Peanuts and other comics. The new UPI now had 6,000 employees and 5,000 subscribers, 1,000 of them newspapers
Later that year, it launched the UPI Audio Network, the first wire service radio network. In 1960 subsidiaries included United Features Syndicate, the British United Press, and Ocean Press. United Press Movietone, a television film service, was operated jointly with 20th Century-Fox Studios."
Decline and Comeback
AP was a publishers' cooperative and could ³assess² its members to help pay for extraordinary coverage of such things as wars, the Olympic Games, or national political conventions. But UPI clients paid only a fixed annual rate; they expected UPI to cover extraordinary events but UPI couldnıt ask them to help shoulder the extraordinary coverage costs. UPI sold its services helter-skelter, charging clients what they were willing to pay instead of basing rates on the size of the paperıs market in 23 of the largest U.S. cities.
Newspapers typically paid UP about half what they paid AP in the same cities for the same services. The Chicago Sun-Times paid AP $12,500 a week but UPI only $5,000; The Wall Street Journal paid AP $36,000 a week but UPI only $19,300. Most papers paid less for UPIıs worldwide news and photo services than the salary they paid just one staff reporter.
UPI was hurt by changes in the modern news business, including the closing of many of America's afternoon newspapers, and was unprofitable for years as its customer base shrank. It went through seven owners between 1992 and 2000, when it was acquired by News World Communications, owner of the Washington Times.
Concerns about editorial independence have been questioned of recent owners of UPI. Because News World Communications is owned by the Unification Church of Sun Myung Moon, this purchase raised some concerns, most notably from Helen Thomas, who resigned her position as UPI's chief White House correspondent after 57 years.
UPI Editor of English edition, Martin Walker, a winner of Britain's "Reporter of the Year" award when he worked for The Guardian, has said he has experienced "no editorial pressure from the owners."
With investment from News World in its Arabic and Spanish-language services, UPI has been trying to make a comeback. In 2004, UPI won the Clapper Award from the Senate Press Gallery and the Fourth Estate Award for its investigative reporting on the dilapidated hospitals awaiting wounded U.S. soldiers returning from Iraq.
People of UPI
"From its inception, UPI was the underdog, offering young journalists little pay but a lot of opportunity. Time and again, the upstart, pocket-poor wire managed to beat its competition. According to the late Lucien Carr -- whose pal Jack Kerouac wrote "On the Road" using a roll of teletype paper swiped from UPI's office -- "UPI's great virtue was that we were the little guy (that) could screw the AP."
News people who worked for UPI are nicknamed "Unipressers." Famous Unipressers from UPI's past include journalists Walter Cronkite, David Brinkley, Howard K. Smith, Eric Sevareid, Helen Thomas, Pye Chamberlayne, Frank Bartholomew, Hugh Baillie, Vernon Scott, Brit Hume and William L. Shirer, who is best remembered today for writing "Rise and Fall of the Third Reich" and The New York Times' Thomas Friedman.
UPI (and AP) photographers saw their work published in hundreds of publications worldwide, including Life Magazine, LOOK, and other magazines as well as newspapers in the United States and around the globe. Under their work the only credit line was "UPI." Not until after the 1970 when their names began appearing under their pictures did a number of UPI's photographers achieve a celebrity within the journalism community.
David Hume Kennerly won a Pulitzer Prize for Vietnam coverage, Tom Gralish won a Pulitzer Prize after leaving UPI for The Philadelphia Inquirer. Dirck Halstead founded "The Digital Journalist"; Gary Haynes authored a book, "Picture This! the inside story of UPI Newspictures "(2006). Well-known photographers from UPI include Joe Marquette, Darryl Heikes, Carlos Shiebeck, James Smestad and Bill Snead.
The late Richard Harnett, who spent more than 30 years at UPI, recalled what is often considered its greatest achievement: Merriman Smith's Pulitzer Prize-winning coverage of President John F. Kennedy's assassination. "Smith was in the press car....When he heard shots, he called in to the Dallas office and sent a flash bulletin," Harnett says. "The AP reporter started pounding on his shoulder to get to the phone, but Merriman kept it from him." (Quoted - Brill's Content, April 2001).
Arnaud de Borchgrave, Newsweek's chief foreign correspondent for 25 years, covering more than 90 countries and 17 wars, is currently UPI Editor-at-Large and began his journalistic career at UPI in 1946.
U.S. employees of UPI are represented by the News Media Guild
Milestones
** In 1908, UP pioneered the transmission of feature stories and use of reporter bylines.
** In 1914, Edward Kleinschmidt invented the teletype, which replaced Morse code clickers in delivering news to newspapers. Press critic Oswald Garrison Villard credits United Press with first use of the teletype.
** In the 1920s and 1930s, The United Press pioneered its financial wire service and organized the United Feature Syndicate.
** Founded in the 1930's was "Ocean Press" a news service for ocean liners comprised of copy from United Press and later United Press International. This ship-board publication was published by a separate corporate subsidiary of Scripps, but essentially under one roof with UP/UPI at the Daily News Building in New York. The subheadline under the "Ocean Press" logo was: "WORLDWIDE NEWS of UNITED PRESS . . . TRANSMITTED by RADIOMARINE CORPORATION OF AMERICA" . . . which appears to have been a subsidiary of RCA. Some mastheads were labeled "UNITED PRESS - RCA NEWS SERVICE."
** In 1935, UP was the first major news service to offer news to broadcasters. 1945 saw it launch the first all-sports wire.
** In 1948, UP Movietone, a newsfilm syndication service, was started with 20th Century-Fox.
** In 1951, United Press offered the first teletypesetter (TTS) service, enabling newspapers to automatically set and justify type from wire transmissions.
** In 1952, United Press launched the first international television news film service.
** The 'UPI March' as written and performed by the Cities Services Band of America under the direction of Paul LaValle debuted at the Belasco Theater in New York on Dec. 9, 1952. The UPI March was also played at the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II.
** In 1953, it had the first, fully automatic photo receiver, UNIFAX
** In 1958, it launched the UPI Audio Network, the first wire service radio network.
** In 1974, UPI launches the first "high-speed" data newswire -- 1,200 words per minute.
On April 19, 1979, UPI announced an agreement with Telecomputing Corp. of America to make the UPI world news report available to owners of home computers.
** Later, UPI was the first news service to provide news to dial-up services such as Prodigy, CompuServe and World Wide Web search pioneers Yahoo! and Excite.
** In 1981, UPI launches the first satellite data transmissions by a news agency
** In 1982, UPI pioneered an eight-level Custom Coding system that allows clients to choose stories based on topic, subtopic and location. Developing one of the first news taxonomies.
** In 1988, UPI breaks "all or nothing" news service tradition by introducing component products.
** In 2000, UPI launches a multi-lingual editorial and content management system CMS.
** On October 14, 2005, UPI launches a direct-to-consumer Web site.